The immune system plays a critical role in shaping all facets of cancer, from the early
initiation stage through to metastatic disease and resistance to therapy. Our understanding …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the
transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and …

Immunopolymorphism is considered as an important aspect behind the resistance or
susceptibility of the host to an infectious disease. Over the years, researchers have explored …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental sensor molecules of the host innate immune
system, which detect conserved molecular signatures of a wide range of microbial …

Exhausted T cells express multiple co-inhibitory molecules that impair their function and limit
immunity to chronic viral infection. Defining novel markers of exhaustion is important both for …

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are responsible
for most cases of viral hepatitis. Infection by each type of virus results in a different typical …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly evolving infectious/inflammatory
disorder which has turned into a global pandemic. With severe acute respiratory syndrome …

Abstract Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling is
required for TLR-mediated production of type-I IFN and several other proinflammatory …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global public health problem involving chronic infection of the
liver, which can cause liver disease and is linked with liver cancer. Viral innate immune …

Five human hepatitis viruses cause most of the acute and chronic liver disease worldwide.
Over the past 25 years, hepatitis C virus (HCV) in particular has received much interest …