Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions
were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The early Eocene (56 to 48 million years ago) is inferred to have been the most recent time
that Earth's atmospheric CO 2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Global mean …

Structural differences among models account for much of the uncertainty in projected climate
changes, at least until the mid-twenty-first century. Recent observations encompass too …

This paper is the first of a series of four GMD papers on the PMIP4-CMIP6 experiments. Part
2 (Otto-Bliesner et al., 2017) gives details about the two PMIP4-CMIP6 interglacial …

Accurate understanding of permafrost dynamics is critical for evaluating and mitigating
impacts that may arise as permafrost degrades in the future; however, existing projections …

The mid-Piacenzian is known as a period of relative warmth when compared to the present
day. A comprehensive understanding of conditions during the Piacenzian serves as both a …

The Arctic plays a fundamental role in the climate system and has shown significant climate
change in recent decades, including the Arctic warming and decline of Arctic sea-ice extent …

The Pliocene climate is globally warm and characterised by high atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations, yet the terrestrial and marine scientific communities have gathered …