A great need exists for the development of new medications to treat pain resulting from
various disease states and types of injury. Given that the endogenous cannabinoid (that is …

Chronic pain states are highly prevalent and yet poorly controlled by currently available
analgesics, representing an enormous clinical, societal, and economic burden. Existing pain …

Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a signaling lipid in the central nervous system that is a key
regulator of neurotransmitter release. 2-AG is an endocannabinoid that activates the …

Since antiquity, Cannabis has provoked enormous intrigue for its potential medicinal
properties as well as for its unique pharmacological effects. The elucidation of its major …

Background Several chronic pain disorders, such as migraine and fibromyalgia, have an
increased prevalence in the female population. The underlying mechanisms of this sex …

Fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs) and endocannabinoids (ECs) have been shown to
alleviate pain and inflammation, regulate motility and appetite, and produce anticancer …

Opioid analgesics represent a critical treatment for chronic pain in the analgesic ladder of
the World Health Organization. However, their use can result in a number of unwanted side …

Pain is one of the most common reasons to seek medical attention, and chronic pain is a
worldwide epidemic. Anecdotal reports suggest cannabis may be an effective analgesic. As …

The primary kratom alkaloid mitragynine is proposed to act through multiple mechanisms,
including actions at µ-opioid receptors (MORs) and adrenergic-α 2 receptors (A α 2Rs), as …

Cannabis sativa and its extracts have been used for centuries, both medicinally and
recreationally. There is accumulating evidence that exogenous cannabis and related …