Episodic memory reflects the ability to recollect the temporal and spatial context of past
experiences. Episodic memories depend on the hippocampus but have been proposed to …

Memory is prone to distortions that can have serious consequences in everyday life. Here
we integrate emerging evidence that several types of memory distortions–imagination …

Memories are readily distorted. What conditions allow memories to be altered? Converging
evidence implicates prediction error, or surprise, as a key mechanism that renders memories …

Research in nonhuman animals suggests that reactivation can induce a transient, unstable
state in a previously consolidated memory, during which the memory can be disrupted or …

Memory formation is a highly dynamic process. In this review we discuss traditional views of
memory and offer some ideas about the nature of memory formation and transformation. We …

Retrieving a memory can modify its influence on subsequent behavior. We develop a
computational theory of memory modification, according to which modification of a memory …

The brain supports adaptive behavior by generating predictions, learning from errors, and
updating memories to incorporate new information. Prediction error, or surprise, triggers …

How does experience inform decisions? In episodic sampling, decisions are guided by a
few episodic memories of past choices. This process can yield choice patterns similar to …

Forgetting is often considered a fundamental cognitive failure, reflecting the undesirable and
potentially embarrassing inability to retrieve a sought-after experience or fact. For this …

Through the process of “reconsolidation,” reminders can temporarily destabilize memories
and render them vulnerable to change. Recent rodent research has proposed that prediction …