Although several wear modes can result from machining, the most common tend to be what
are referred to as flank wear and crater wear. Flank wear can be easily measured directly …

Hard turning is an attractive alternative to grinding for steel parts, which are often loaded to
their physical limits. But in comparison to grinding, the issue of surface integrity in hard …

Machining hardened steels has become an important manufacturing process, particularly in
the automotive and bearing industries. Abrasive processes such as grinding have typically …

Hard machining is the machining of materials at 45 HRC or greater. Recent improvements in
machine tools and tool material have made hard machining a viable option. In order for hard …

Hardened steels are attractive materials due to their desirable properties such as wear
resistance and fatigue strength. They are widely used in transportation, energy generation …

The energy dissipated in hard machining operation is converted into heat which raises the
temperature in the cutting zone. With the increase of cutting temperature; tool wear, surface …

Modern manufacturing industries are seeking different alternatives to attain the need of
higher machining speeds, lower wastage and a better product quality as well as reducing …