Since the identification of the hepatitis C virus, great strides have been made in the
development of an antiviral therapy. As a crucial mediator of the innate antiviral immune …

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the recent knowledge on the production of
cytokines by neutrophils in vitro and in vivo—particularly molecular regulation and other …

Fifteen years have passed since the first description of interleukin (IL)-8/CXCL8 as a potent
neutrophil chemotactic factor. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that various types …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes chronic infection in more than 350 million people worldwide.
It replicates in hepatocytes but is non-cytopathic; liver damage is thought to be immune …

Viral infection of mammalian cells rapidly triggers intracellular signalling events leading to
interferon α/β production and a cellular antiviral state. This 'host response'is our first line of …

The non-structural 5A (NS5A) protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been the subject of
intensive research over the last decade. It is generally accepted that NS5A is a pleiotropic …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of liver disease worldwide, is frequently resistant to
the antiviral alpha interferon (IFN). The HCV nonstructural 5A (NS5A) protein has been …

Cytokines play an important role in the defense against viral infections, both indirectly,
through determination of the predominant pattern of host response, and directly, through …

Type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) were originally described as potent antiviral substances,
which are produced upon infection of animal cells with viruses. Despite a large body of …

Interferons (IFNs) induce an antiviral state in the cell through complex and indirect
mechanisms, which culminate in a direct inhibition of viral replication and stimulation of the …