Background Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common, disabling symptom of Parkinson's disease
(PD), but the mechanisms and treatments of FOG remain great challenges for clinicians and …

Levodopa, a dopamine precursor, is an effective and well-tolerated dopamine replacement
agent used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). Oral levodopa has been widely used for over …

Switching from oral medications to continuous infusion of levodopa/carbidopa gel reduces
motor complications in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), but effects on nonmotor …

Although dopamine replacement therapy remains a core component of Parkinson's disease
treatment, the onset of motor fluctuations and dyskinetic movements might require a range of …

In the mid‐1980s, the treatment of Parkinson's disease was quite exclusively centered on
dopatherapy and was focusing on dopamine systems and motor symptoms. A few dopamine …

The studies of duodenal infusion of a levodopa on small groups of parkinsonian patients
have reported beneficial effects on motor complications. However, little is known about the …

Motor complications in Parkinson's disease (PD) result from the short half-life and irregular
plasma fluctuations of oral levodopa. When strategies of providing more continuous …

Patients in fluctuating stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) require device-aided treatments.
Continuous infusion of levodopa–carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) is a well-proven option in …

Although idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) remains the only neurodegenerative disorder
for which there are highly effective symptomatic therapies, there are still major unmet needs …

Background: Levodopa‐carbidopa intestinal gel (designated as carbidopa‐levodopa enteral
suspension in the United States) provides stable plasma levodopa concentrations and …