In the two decades since their initial discovery, DNA vaccines technologies have come a
long way. Unfortunately, when applied to human subjects inadequate immunogenicity is still …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that play a critical role
in innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa) as vaccine adjuvant …

The immune response is a key factor in the fight against HPV infection and related cancers,
and thus, HPV is able to promote immune evasion through the expression of oncogenes. In …

Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) represent a highly versatile molecular platform for the
targeted delivery of various therapeutics. However, despite their promise, further clinical …

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has long been recognized as the causative agent of cervical
cancer. High-risk HPV types 16 and 18 alone are responsible for over 70% of all cases of …

In vivo electroporation (EP) is used to enhance the uptake of nucleic acids and its
association with DNA vaccination greatly stimulates immune responses to vaccine antigens …

Gene immunization comprises mRNA and DNA vaccines, which stand out due to their
simple design, maintenance, and high efficacy. Several studies indicate promising results in …

Poor immunogenicity remains the single biggest obstacle to human DNA vaccines achieving
their potential. Strategies to improve DNA vaccine efficacy include codon optimization …

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to treat cancer patients.
Among the wide range of immunological approaches, cancer vaccines have been …

Most human papillomavirus infections are readily cleared by the host immune response.
However, in some individuals, human papillomavirus can establish a persistent infection …