Biofilm refers to the complex, sessile communities of microbes found either attached to a
surface or buried firmly in an extracellular matrix as aggregates. The biofilm matrix …

The intestinal mucosal barrier is composed of epithelial cells that are protected by an
overlying host-secreted mucous layer and functions as the first line of defence against …

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are highly versatile signalling molecules that control various
important biological processes in bacteria. The best-studied example is cyclic di-GMP (c-di …

Infection of the colon with the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile is potentially life
threatening, especially in elderly people and in patients who have dysbiosis of the gut …

Clostridium difficile is a major cause of intestinal infection and diarrhoea in individuals
following antibiotic treatment. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that …

Biofilm formation of microorganisms causes persistent tissue and foreign body infections
resistant to treatment with antimicrobial agents. Up to 80% of human bacterial infections are …

Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→ 5′) GMP (cyclic
di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial …

Many bacteria swim in liquid or swarm over solid surfaces by synthesizing rotary flagella.
The same bacteria that are motile also commonly form nonmotile multicellular aggregates …

Experimental approaches primarily focused on genetic and microscopic techniques have
laid the foundation for our current models of bacterial biofilm formation. This work has …

The bacterial flagellum is a complex and dynamic nanomachine that propels bacteria
through liquids. It consists of a basal body, a hook, and a long filament. The flagellar filament …