For the prevention of infectious diseases, knowledge about transmission routes is essential.
In addition to respiratory, fecal–oral, and sexual transmission, the transfer of pathogens via …

Human astroviruses (HAtVs) are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that were
discovered in 1975. Astroviruses infecting other species, particularly mammalian and avian …

Background Inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of
nosocomial infections. The aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of …

The health-care facility environment is rarely implicated in disease transmission, except
among patients who are immunocompromised. Nonetheless, inadvertent exposures to …

The etiology of nosocomial infections, the frequency of contaminated hands with the different
nosocomial pathogens, and the role of health care workers' hands during outbreaks suggest …

Worldwide annually there are 1.7 million deaths from diarrheal diseases and 1.5 million
deaths from respiratory infections (56). Viruses cause an estimated 60% of human …

Fomites can serve as routes of transmission for both enteric and respiratory pathogens. The
present study examined the effect of low and high relative humidity on fomite-to-finger …

The unwavering spread of COVID-19 has taken the world by storm. Preventive measures
like social distancing and mask usage have been taken all around the globe but still, as of …

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of food-and waterborne outbreaks of
acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. As a result of the lack of a mammalian cell …

Since they were identified in 1975, human astroviruses have been considered one of the
most important agents of viral acute gastroenteritis in children. However, highly divergent …