Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR)
signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and …

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a stress-inducible hormone that has
important roles in regulating energy balance and glucose and lipid homeostasis through a …

Adipose tissue plays essential roles in maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis. To date
several types of adipose tissue have been identified, namely white, brown, and beige, that …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

NAFLD is closely linked with hepatic insulin resistance. Accumulation of hepatic
diacylglycerol activates PKC-ε, impairing insulin receptor activation and insulin-stimulated …

Persistent, unresolved inflammation in adipose tissue is a major contributor to obesity-
associated metabolic complications. However, the molecular links between lipid-overloaded …

Hepatic steatosis is an underlying feature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which
is the most common form of liver disease and is present in up to∼ 70% of individuals who …

Clear evidence indicates that cytokines, for instance, adipokines, hepatokines, inflammatory
cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, contribute substantially to the development of …

The rising global prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes has driven
a sharp increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive fat …

Evidence is increasing that disturbances in the gut microbiome may play a significant role in
the etiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The short chain fatty acid butyrate, a major end …