Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have
important physiological functions in maintaining tissue homeostasis but also contribute to …

Traditionally, lymphocytic interferon γ (IFN-γ) was considered to be a simple'booster'of
proinflammatory responses by microglia (brain-resident macrophages) during bacterial or …

Oxidative stress is a common denominator in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders
such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral …

Cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized to be a core feature of multiple sclerosis
(MS), with important implications for the everyday life of individuals with MS and for disease …

Degeneration of central cholinergic neurons impairs memory, and enhancement of
cholinergic synapses improves cognitive processes. Cholinergic signaling is also anti …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that is characterized by demyelination and
axonal damage in the central nervous system. Cognitive deficits are recognized as one of …

Cytokines are constitutively released in the healthy brain by resident myeloid cells to keep
proper synaptic plasticity, either in the form of Hebbian synaptic plasticity or of homeostatic …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been studied as destructive agents in the context
of nervous system ageing, disease and degeneration. Their roles as signalling molecules …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are conditions that cause neuron structure and/or
function to deteriorate over time. Genetic alterations may be responsible for several NDDs …

Cognitive impairment (CI) is a disabling concomitant of multiple sclerosis (MS) with a
complex and controversial pathogenesis. The cytokine interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is involved …