Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), is a member of the thioredoxin superfamily of redox
proteins. PDI has three catalytic activities including, thiol-disulfide oxireductase, disulfide …

Protein disulfide isomerases are thiol oxidoreductase chaperones from thioredoxin
superfamily. As redox folding catalysts from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), their roles in …

Bacterial AB-type toxins are proteins released by the producing bacteria and are the
causative agents for several severe diseases including cholera, whooping cough, diphtheria …

Several bacterial and plant AB-toxins are delivered by retrograde vesicular transport to the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where the enzymatically active A subunit is disassembled from …

Bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins are the causative agents for several severe human and
animal diseases such as diphtheria, cholera, or enteric diseases. They display an AB-type …

Cholera toxin (CT) is an AB-type protein toxin that contains a catalytic A1 subunit, an A2
linker, and a cell-binding B homopentamer. The CT holotoxin is released into the …

Many AB toxins contain an enzymatic A moiety that is anchored to a cell-binding B moiety by
a disulfide bridge. After receptor-mediated endocytosis, some AB toxins undergo retrograde …

Cholera toxin (CT) moves from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where the
catalytic CTA1 subunit separates from the rest of the toxin. CTA1 then unfolds and passes …

Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine and releases cholera toxin into the extracellular
space. The toxin binds to the apical surface of the epithelium, is internalized into the host …

Cholera toxin (CT) travels by vesicle carriers from the cell surface to the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) where the catalytic A1 subunit of CT (CTA1) dissociates from the rest of the …