Abstract Knowledge of genetics and its implications for human health is rapidly evolving in
accordance with recent events, such as discoveries of large numbers of disease …

In this tutorial, we provide a broad introduction to the topic of interaction between the effects
of exposures. We discuss interaction on both additive and multiplicative scales using risks …

Causal diagrams have a long history of informal use and, more recently, have undergone
formal development for applications in expert systems and robotics. We provide an …

Following the identification of several disease-associated polymorphisms by genome-wide
association (GWA) analysis, interest is now focusing on the detection of effects that, owing to …

Although genetic association studies have been with us for many years, even for the
simplest analyses there is little consensus on the most appropriate statistical procedures …

Despite the yield of recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies, the identified variants
explain only a small proportion of the heritability of most complex diseases. This …

ContextThe hypothesis that a low-fat dietary pattern can reduce breast cancer risk has
existed for decades but has never been tested in a controlled intervention trial. ObjectiveTo …

Recently, many new approaches, study designs, and statistical and analytical methods have
emerged for studying gene-environment interactions (G× Es) in large-scale studies of …

Consideration of gene–environment (G× E) interaction is becoming increasingly important in
the design of new epidemiologic studies. We present a method for computing required …

In the study of complex diseases, it may be important to test hypotheses related to gene-
gene (G× G) interaction. The success of such studies depends critically on obtaining …