Secondary lymphoid organs develop during embryogenesis or in the first few weeks after
birth according to a highly coordinated series of interactions between newly emerging …

Ectopic or tertiary lymphoid tissues develop at sites of inflammation or infection in peripheral,
non-lymphoid organs. These tissues are architecturally similar to conventional secondary …

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphocyte aggregates that form at sites of
chronic inflammation, including cancers, in non-lymphoid tissues. Although the formation of …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as important players, regulating the balance
between protective immunity and immunopathology at mucosal surfaces. However …

Individuals with chronic asthma show a progressive decline in lung function that is thought to
be due to structural remodeling of the airways characterized by subepithelial fibrosis and …

Background Natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) is an activating receptor of natural killer (NK)
cells and other lymphocytes that mediates lysis of malignant cells through recognition of …

Members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily have been implicated in a wide
range of biological functions, and their expression by cells of the immune system makes …

Uncontrolled T helper type 1 (TH1) and TH17 cells are associated with autoimmune
responses. We identify surface lymphotoxin-α (LT-α) as common to TH0, TH1 and TH17 …

Epithelial cells provide the first line of defense against mucosal pathogens; however, their
coordination with innate and adaptive immune cells is not well understood. Using mice with …

Cytokines mediate key communication pathways essential for regulation of immune
responses. Full activation of antigen‐responding lymphocytes requires cooperating signals …