Highlights•We review the mathematical formalism of multilayer networks for animal
behaviour.•It allows the investigation of new research questions in animal social …

Coalitions and alliances are ubiquitous in humans and many other mammals, being part of
the fabric of complex social systems. Field biologists and ethologists have accumulated a …

Models of self-organization have proved useful in revealing what processes may underlie
characteristics of swarms. In this study, we review model-based explanations for aspects of …

This paper investigates the feasibility of using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) to
calibrate and evaluate complex individual-based models (IBMs). As ABC evolves, various …

Dominance hierarchies are group-level properties that emerge from the aggression of
individuals. Although individuals can gain critical benefits from their position in a hierarchy …

Reciprocity is a ubiquitous and important human trait. Still, the evolutionary origin is largely
unclear, partly because it is believed that our closest living relatives, other primates, do not …

Cooperation in coalitions against coresident males has been shown to increase male
reproductive success directly via increased mating success (levelling coalitions) or indirectly …

Prosociality is the intent to improve others' well-being. Existing hypotheses postulate that
enhanced social tolerance and inter-individual dependence may facilitate prosocial …

Humans form agonistic coalitions and alliances in many contexts, but this behavior is
thought to be rare in other species. A prominent hypothesis states that coalitions may be …

Post-conflict affiliation between former opponents and bystanders occurs in several species
of non-human primates. It is classified in four categories of which affiliation received by the …