The prevalence of neurodegenerative disease (ND) is increasing, partly owing to extensions
in lifespan, with a larger percentage of members living to an older age, but the ND aetiology …

In a literature survey, Chernoff et al.(2017) dismissed the hypothesis that chronic exposure
to β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) may be a risk factor for progressive …

Cyanobacteria produce a wide range of structurally diverse cyanotoxins and bioactive
cyanopeptides in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. The health significance of …

The early neuropathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease
(ALS/MND) are protein aggregates in motor neurons and microglial activation. Similar …

Mitochondria are critical for the provision of ATP for cellular energy requirements. Tissue
and organ functions are dependent on adequate ATP production, especially when energy …

In the present review we have discussed the occurrence of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine
(BMAA) and its natural isomers, and the organisms and sample types in which the toxin (s) …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative synucleinopathy that has a not yet fully
understood molecular pathomechanism behind it. The role of risk genes regulated by small …

Microcystins (MCs), a group of most widespread freshwater cyanotoxins that possess strong
neurotoxicity, can adversely affect brain structures and functions and are linked to …

Abstract Microcystin–leucine–arginine (MC-LR) can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and
demonstrate potent acute hippocampal neurotoxicity. Chronic exposure to MC-LR has been …

The emerging toxin β-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) has been linked to the development of
a number of neurodegenerative diseases in humans including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis …