Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disease of still poorly understood
molecular etiology. Extensive studies at different molecular levels point to a high complexity …

The emerging therapeutic efficacy of ketamine and classical psychedelics for depression
has inspired tremendous interest in the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We review …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)-and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use
since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine …

Objective: In addition to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonism, ketamine produces
opioid system activation. The objective of this study was to determine whether opioid …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling psychiatric disorders.
Approximately one‐third of the patients with MDD are treatment resistant to the current …

Treating major depression is a medical need that remains unmet by monoaminergic
therapeutic strategies that commonly fail to achieve symptom remission. A breakthrough in …

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has multiple biological functions which are
mediated by the activation of two receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor …

The introduction of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) since the discovery of its prototypical drug
clozapine has been a revolutionary pharmacological step for treating psychotic patients as …

Preclinical studies indicate that (2 R, 6 R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is a putative fast-
acting antidepressant candidate. Although inhibition of NMDA-type glutamate receptors …

Background The glutamatergic modulator ketamine has created a blueprint for studying
novel pharmaceuticals in the field. Recent studies suggest that “classic” serotonergic …