Redox homeostasis governs a number of critical cellular processes. In turn, imbalances in
pathways that control oxidative and reductive conditions have been linked to a number of …

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, which serve various purposes, including but not
limited to the production of ATP and various metabolites, buffering ions, acting as a signaling …

The brain remains one of the most important but least understood tissues in our body, in part
because of its complexity as well as the limitations associated with in vivo studies. Although …

Despite the prevalence and impact of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), common clinical
assessment methods for mTBI have insufficient sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, few …

Spreading depolarizations (SD) are mass depolarizations of neurons and astrocytes that
occur spontaneously in acute brain injury and mediate time-dependent lesion growth …

Glutamate (GLU) is a primary excitatory neurotransmitter, and its dysregulation is associated
with several neurodegenerative disorders. A major challenge in GLU estimation is the …

Neurotransmitters (NTs) are crucial regulatory molecules responsible for maintaining the
neurophysiological functioning of the brain. Dysregulated levels of certain NTs, such as …

Following the onset of an ischemic brain injury, the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is
released. The excitotoxic effects of glutamate are a major contributor to the pathogenesis of …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death in young adults and a risk factor for
acquired epilepsy. Severe TBI, after a period of time, causes numerous neuropsychiatric and …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant health care crisis that affects two million
individuals in the United Sates alone and over ten million worldwide each year. While …