Globally, depression is a leading cause of disability and has remained so for decades.
Antidepressant medications have suboptimal outcomes and are too frequently associated …

There has been an explosion in our knowledge of the pathways and mechanisms by which
the immune system can influence the brain and behavior. In the context of inflammation, pro …

Recent studies have begun to characterize the actions of stress and antidepressant
treatments beyond the neurotransmitter and receptor level. This work has demonstrated that …

This review discusses neurobiological and psychosocial factors associated with stress-
induced depression and compares these factors with those believed to characterize stress …

Links between sleep and depression are strong. About three quarters of depressed patients
have insomnia symptoms, and hypersomnia is present in about 40% of young depressed …

Ketamine, a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, displays
a fast antidepressant activity in treatment-resistant depression and in rodent models of …

The limited success of genetic studies of major depression has raised questions concerning
the definition of genetically relevant phenotypes. This paper presents strategies to improve …

The monoamine hypothesis of depression predicts that the underlying pathophysiologic
basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic, recurring, and debilitating mental illness that
is the most common mood disorder in the United States. It has been almost 50 years since …

Dysfunction in the monoamine systems of serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and
dopamine (DA) may causally be related to major depressive disorder (MDD). Monoamine …