Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and
increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates …

Purpose Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a common endocrine disorder caused by
hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands (HP). The correct detection and localization of HP is …

The gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and well-being
of the host. Recent studies have demonstrated that the GM may significantly influence bone …

Biomineralization is the process by which organisms produce mineralized tissues. This
crucial process makes possible the rigidity and flexibility that the skeleton needs for …

Central to the maintenance of calcium homeostasis is the regulated reabsorption of calcium
along the nephron. To this end, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released from the parathyroid …

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) causes hypercalcemia by three genetic
mechanisms: inactivating mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor, the G-protein subunit α …

In a healthy body, homeostatic actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts maintain the integrity
of the skeletal system. When cellular activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts become …

Endocrine diseases have a considerable impact on public health from an epidemiological
point of view and because they may cause long-term disability, alteration of the quality-of-life …

Importance Definitive treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) with curative
parathyroidectomy has been shown to improve nonspecific neurocognitive symptoms and …

Osteoporosis is the prevalent metabolic bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone
quantity and/or quality and an increase in skeletal fragility, which increases susceptibility to …