Many studies have reported that metabolic dysfunction is closely involved in the complex
mechanism underlying the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which …

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are complicated metabolic diseases that affect multiple
organs and are characterized by hyperglycaemia. Currently, stable and effective treatments …

Insulin resistance is the primary pathophysiology underlying metabolic syndrome and type 2
diabetes,. Previous metagenomic studies have described the characteristics of gut …

The mechanism of insulin action is a central theme in biology and medicine. In addition to
the rather rare condition of insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of …

The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its application to the treatment of human disease
in the years since have marked a major turning point in the history of medicine. The …

Insulin resistance is a major underlying mechanism for the “metabolic syndrome”, which is
also known as insulin resistance syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is increasing at an …

Insulin resistance (IR) is fundamental to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is
present in most prediabetic (preDM) individuals. Insulin resistance has both heritable and …

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) phosphorylates and activates AGC
kinase family members, including Akt, SGK1, and PKC, in response to insulin/IGF1. The liver …

Steatosis is an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. Although an excessive availability of
plasma fatty acids is an important determinant of steatosis, lipid synthesis from glucose …

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 is an enterokine synthesized and released when bile acids
are taken up into the ileum. We show that FGF19 stimulates hepatic protein and glycogen …