Psychostimulants, including amphetamines and methylphenidate, are first-line
pharmacotherapies for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This …

Antipsychotic drugs are central to the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic
disorders but are ineffective for some patients and associated with side-effects and …

Pleasure is mediated by well-developed mesocorticolimbic circuitry and serves adaptive
functions. In affective disorders, anhedonia (lack of pleasure) or dysphoria (negative affect) …

According to the dual systems perspective, risk taking peaks during adolescence because
activation of an early-maturing socioemotional-incentive processing system amplifies …

This review takes a historical perspective on concepts in the psychology of motivation and
emotion, and surveys recent developments, debates and applications. Old debates over …

For several decades, addiction has come to be viewed as a disorder of the dopamine
neurotransmitter system; however, this view has not led to new treatments. In this Opinion …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Music, an abstract stimulus, can arouse feelings of euphoria and craving, similar to tangible
rewards that involve the striatal dopaminergic system. Using the neurochemical specificity of …

Although cells in many brain regions respond to reward, the cortical-basal ganglia circuit is
at the heart of the reward system. The key structures in this network are the anterior …

Reward contains separable psychological components of learning, incentive motivation and
pleasure. Most computational models have focused only on the learning component of …