Collagen is the oldest and most abundant extracellular matrix protein that has found many
applications in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. First, an overview …

Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million
operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects …

The precision in the design and manufacturing of scaffolds with ideal properties such as
biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical and surface characteristics is very crucial for …

The popularity of hydrogels as biomaterials lies in their tunable physical properties, ability to
encapsulate small molecules and macromolecular drugs, water holding capacity, flexibility …

Bone has well documented natural healing capacity that normally is sufficient to repair
fractures and other common injuries. However, the properties of bone change throughout …

Tissue engineering strategies for treating bone loss to date have largely focused on
targeting stem cells or vascularization. Immune cells, including macrophages and T cells …

Macrophages have long been known for their phagocytic capabilities and immune defence;
however, their role in healing is being increasingly recognized in recent years due to their …

Bone tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field where the principles of engineering are
applied on bone-related biochemical reactions. Scaffolds, cells, growth factors, and their …

Every day thousands of surgical procedures are performed to replace or repair tissue that
has been damaged through disease or trauma. The developing field of tissue engineering …

Silks are appealing materials for numerous biomedical applications involving drug delivery,
tissue engineering, or implantable devices, because of their tunable mechanical properties …