This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Opioids are the cornerstone for the treatment of acute pain in small animal patients. This is
primarily because of their remarkable safety profile, high efficacy, and benefit of reversibility …

Opioids are the prototypical analgesics, antitussives, and antidiarrheal drug class. The
opioid receptor system or opioid effects have been identified in numerous animal species …

Objective—To evaluate antinociceptive effects and pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate
after IM administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Animals—Fifteen 2-to 3-year …

OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical efficacy of hydrocodone-acetaminophen and tramadol for
treatment of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) …

KuKanich, B. Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen, codeine, and the codeine metabolites
morphine and codeine‐6‐glucuronide in healthy Greyhound dogs. J. vet. Pharmacol …

Objective—To evaluate the antinociceptive and sedative effects and duration of action of
hydromorphone hydrochloride after IM administration to American kestrels (Falco …

The availability of both agonist and antagonist treatments for opiate-use disorders provides
a seemingly rich selection of cost-effective and reasonably safe pharmacological …

Epidural anesthesia, often used during cesarean surgery, can exacerbate hypotension from
general anesthesia and delay discharge due to motor block. Decreasing the local anesthetic …

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of hydrocodone (delivered in combination
with acetaminophen) and tramadol in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy …