Enemy‐risk effects, often referred to as non‐consumptive effects (NCEs), are an important
feature of predator–prey ecology, but their significance has had little impact on the …

Highlights•Insects use a wide variety of chemical and visual cues to avoid encounters with
potential predators.•Changes in prey behavior or physiology in response to predation threat …

In the present study, we investigate the roles of fear, refuge and hunting cooperation on the
dynamics of a predator–prey system, where the predator population is subject to harvesting …

Fear of predation risk may assert privilege to prey animals by restricting their exposure to
potential predators; meanwhile, it can also impose costs by constraining the exploration of …

In this work, a fractional-order prey-predator system with fear effect of predator on prey
population and group defense has been proposed. The existence and uniqueness of the …

In this study, we propose and analyze an eco-epidemiological model with disease in prey
and incorporated the effect of fear on prey species due to predator population. We assume …

Fear of predation may assert privilege to prey species by restricting their exposure to
potential predators, meanwhile it can also impose costs by constraining the exploration of …

In ecological systems, the fear of predation risk may assert privilege to the prey species by
restricting their exposure to potential predators, and also impose costs by constraining the …

The importance of fear, refuge and additional food is being increasingly recognized in recent
studies, but their combined effects need to be explored. In this paper, we investigate the joint …

In this article, a prey–predator model has been studied where apart from direct predation the
prey population is affected by the fear induced from predators. The basic reproduction of the …