Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system, functioning as
pattern recognition receptors that recognise a wide range of microbial pathogens. TLRs …

Recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular signatures is critically important in proper
activation of the immune system. The toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling network is …

Inflammasome activation has been implicated in various inflammatory diseases including
post-ischaemic inflammation after stroke. Inflammasomes mediate activation of caspase-1 …

TLRs activate immune responses by sensing microbial structures such as bacterial LPS,
viral RNA, and endogenous “danger” molecules released by damaged host cells. MyD88 is …

The insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), a docking protein for both the type 1 insulin-like
growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and the insulin receptor, is known to send a mitogenic, anti …

In addition to their role in humoral immunity, B lymphocytes are important antigen‐
presenting cells (APC). In the same way as other APC, B cells make cytokines upon …

The Toll-interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) represents
a key intracellular signalling molecule regulating diverse immune responses. Its capacity to …

The innate immune system relies on a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such
as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) to sense microbial structures …

The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor ibrutinib has demonstrated promising efficacy in a
variety of hematologic malignancies. However, the precise mechanism of action of the drug …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a primary surveillance system for the detection of pathogens
and are crucial to the activation of host defense. TLR7 and TLR8 sense single-stranded …