The interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors was initially found to be
involved in the induction of genes that encode type I interferons. IRFs have now been shown …

The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, consisting of nine members in mammals, was
identified in the late 1980s in the context of research into the type I interferon system …

Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma
mansoni. With the World Health Organization's goal to eliminate schistosomiasis as a global …

Dendritic cells (DC) produce interleukin-12 (IL-12) in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR)
activation. Two major TLR signaling pathways participate in the response to pathogens: the …

The interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) family, originally identified as transcriptional regulators
of the type I interferon system, consists of nine members in mammals. A large number of …

Worldwide, more than a billion people are infected with helminths. These worm infections
generally do not lead to mortality, however, they are chronic in nature and can lead to …

Helminth parasites are masters at manipulating host immune responses, using an array of
sophisticated mechanisms. One of the major mechanisms enabling helminths to establish …

Schistosoma mansoni eggs contain factors that trigger potent Th2 responses in vivo and
condition mouse dendritic cells (DCs) to promote Th2 lymphocyte differentiation. Using an in …

Mammalian Toll-like receptors recognize components of invading microbes and trigger the
first line of innate immune response that is mediated by transcriptional induction of a large …

In schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by helminths, the parasite eggs induce a T
helper 2 cell (TH2) response in the host. Here, the specific role of human monocyte-derived …