Recent genetic mapping and gene-phenotype studies have revealed the genetic
architecture of type 1 diabetes. At least ten genes so far can be singled out as strong causal …

Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on their
sharing the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which was originally discovered as the …

It has long been thought that clonal deletion efficiently removes almost all self-specific T
cells from the peripheral repertoire. We found that self-peptide MHC-specific CD8+ T cells in …

Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated strongly with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)
genes, implicating T cells in disease pathogenesis. In humans, CD8 T cells predominantly …

For more than 35 years, the NOD mouse has been the primary animal model for studying
autoimmune diabetes. During this time, striking similarities to the human disease have been …

For almost 30 years, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse has served as the primary model
for dissecting the genetic and pathogenic basis for T-lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune type …

T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells control the magnitude and specificity of the germinal centre
reaction, but how regulation is contained to ensure generation of high-affinity antibody is …

IL-21 is a member of the common γ-chain signaling family of cytokines. Analyses of the
behavior of immune cells in response to IL-21 in vitro and studies of mice deficient in IL-21 …

This study describes a CD4+ T helper (Th) cell subset marked by coexpression of the
cytokine interleukin 21 (IL-21) and the gut-homing chemokine receptor CCR9. Although …

Abstract Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a member of the common γ-chain cytokines with broad
pleiotropic actions that affects different immune and nonimmune cells. IL-21 can affect …