Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of heart attack and stroke. Early observations that
cholesterol is a key component of arterial plaques gave rise to the cholesterol hypothesis for …

A variety of systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases associate with an increased risk of
atherosclerotic events and premature cardiovascular (CV) disease. Although this recognition …

Uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles by macrophages represents a key step in
the development of atherosclerotic plaques, leading to the foam cell formation. Chemical …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has long been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but
despite substantial improvements in disease management, mortality remains high …

Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic diseases (CIRD) are at increased risk of
cardiovascular disease (CVD), ascribed not only to classical risk factors, but also to the …

The recent insight that inflammation contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and
type 2 diabetes mellitus constitutes a major breakthrough in understanding the mechanisms …

The excess risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with inflammatory rheumatic
diseases has long been recognized. Patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or …

During infections or acute conditions high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) levels
decrease very rapidly and HDL particles undergo profound changes in their composition …

Recent discoveries have further strengthened the critical role of SLE-related immune
dysregulation and metabolic disturbances in promoting accelerated CVD. Understanding …

Autoimmune diseases are associated with a dramatically increased risk of atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease and its clinical manifestations. The increased risk is consistent with …