Study objectives To review the concept of proinflammatory cytokines. Design Review of
published literature. Setting Academic (university hospital). Results Cytokines are regulators …

Interleukin-I (IL-1) is the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine. There are two forms of IL-1, IL-
1α and IL-Iβ and in most studies, their biological activities are indistinguishable. IL-1 affects …

The fourth edition of The Cytokine Handbook provides an encyclopedic coverage of the
molecules that induce and regulate immune responses. Now expanded to two volumes, co …

Cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are released in the nervous system following
inflammation or infection. Recently, IL-1β was shown to enhance synaptic inhibitory …

Prostaglandins, particularly those of the E series, are widely regarded as
immunosuppressive products of eukaryotic cells that can downregulate many aspects of B …

A complex network of mediator molecules constitutes a communication system coordinating
different cells and tissues within the body, thus maintaining or restoring physiological …

Neutral matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for the pathological features of
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) such as degradation of cartilage. We herein show the up-regulation …

The mechanism of interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling is unknown. Tumor necrosis factor-α uses a
signal transduction pathway that involves sphingomyelin hydrolysis to ceramide and …

During septic shock the host produces several proinflammatory cytokines which have been
implicated as playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The production of …

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is primarily an inflammatory cytokine, although it is capable of mediating
a wide variety of effects on many different cell types. Nearly every known signal transduction …