Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in humans and animals colonizes the intestine and
thereafter secrets heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) with or without heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) …

Introduction: The nontoxic heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli and the B subunit
of LT (LTB) have been extensively studied as potent vaccine adjuvants. Areas covered: This …

It has been considered that the Avian influenza virus (AIV) causes severe threats to poultry
industry. In this study, we constructed a series of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum (L …

Several pathogens excrete their toxins either directly into the host or through extracellular
vesicles. Enterotoxigenic E. coli is capable of secreting heat-labile toxin LT in extracellular …

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that affects growth rate in chickens by regulating
appetite. CCK peptides exert their function by binding to two identified receptors, CCKAR …

ABSTRACT Introduction: Heat-labile enterotoxins (HLTs) and their cognate ganglioside
receptors have been extensively studied because of their therapeutic potential …

Introduction: The single member of the Asfarviridae family is African swine fever virus
(ASFV). This double-stranded DNA virus infects wild and farmed swine and loses the pig …

In immunotherapy, a person's immune system is utilized to induce or suppress specific
immune responses that are needed for the prevention or treatment of disease. This requires …

Glycoconjugates are abundant on the surface of animal cells. Membrane glycoconjugates
can mediate intercellular adhesion, interactions, recognition, and signaling. Diverse types of …

Respiratory immunity is responsible for pathogen elimination and prevention of chronic
inflammation through both innate and adaptive mechanisms. Inappropriate activation of …