Scorpion venom may cause severe medical complications and untimely death if injected into
the human body. Neurotoxins are the main components of scorpion venom that are known to …

Tityus serrulatus (Ts) is the main scorpion species of medical importance in Brazil. Ts venom
is composed of several compounds such as mucus, inorganic salts, lipids, amines …

The cnidarian Nematostella vectensis has become an established lab model, providing
unique opportunities for venom evolution research. The Nematostella venom system is …

Toxins and venom components that target voltage-gated sodium (Na V) channels have
evolved numerous times due to the importance of this class of ion channels in the normal …

In millions of years, spiders have optimized their venoms in order to assure successful prey
capture and defence against predators. Spider venoms have become unique cocktails of …

In Brazil, the scorpion species responsible for most severe incidents belong to the Tityus
genus and, among this group, T. serrulatus, T. bahiensis, T. stigmurus and T. obscurus are …

Gating modifier toxins (GMTs) are venom-derived peptides isolated from spiders and other
venomous creatures and modulate activity of disease-relevant voltage-gated ion channels …

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy characterised by
childhood-onset polymorphic seizures, multiple neuropsychiatric comorbidities, and …

Scorpion venoms include several compounds with different pharmacological activities.
Within these compounds, toxins affecting ion channels are among the most studied. They …

This review categorizes functionally validated actions of defined scorpion toxin (SCTX)
neuropeptides across ion channel subclasses, highlighting key trends in this rapidly …