Secretion of cellular components across the plasma membrane is an essential process that
enables organisms to interact with their environments. Production of extracellular vesicles in …

Antibiotic resistance is a major global health challenge and, worryingly, several key Gram
negative pathogens can become resistant to most currently available antibiotics. Polymyxins …

Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Gram-negative bacteria and their complex cell envelope, which comprises an outer
membrane and an inner membrane, are an important and attractive system for studying the …

Lipids are distributed in a highly heterogeneous fashion in different cellular membranes.
Only a minority of lipids achieve their final intracellular distribution through transport by …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria were first described more
than 50 years ago. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in biogenesis began to be …

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is unique in both structure and function. The
surface-exposed outer leaflet is composed of lipopolysaccharide, while the inner leaflet is …

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have important biological roles in pathogenesis
and intercellular interactions, but a general mechanism of OMV formation is lacking. Here …

Transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS) is a high-throughput method
coupling transposon mutagenesis with short-fragment DNA sequencing. It is commonly used …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell-wall immunostimulatory endotoxin component of Gram-
negative bacteria. A growing body of evidence reveals that alterations in the bacterial …