Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their
critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine …

The striatum is composed principally of GABAergic, medium spiny striatal projection neurons
(MSNs) that can be categorized based on their gene expression, electrophysiological …

Animals make predictions to guide their behavior and update those predictions through
experience. Transient increases in dopamine (DA) are thought to be critical signals for …

Computational analysis of cellular activity has developed largely independently of modern
transcriptomic cell typology, but integrating these approaches may be essential for full …

Prediction error signals enable us to learn through experience. These experiences include
economic choices between different rewards that vary along multiple dimensions. Therefore …

To benefit from opportunities and cope with challenges in the environment, animals must
adapt their behavior to acquire rewards and to avoid punishments. Maladaptive changes in …

Lateral habenula (LHb) neurons signal negative “reward-prediction errors” and inhibit
midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. Yet LHb neurons are largely glutamatergic, indicating that …

Motivational relevance can prioritize information for memory encoding and consolidation
based on reward value. In this review, we pinpoint the possible psychological and neural …

Behavioral and economic theory dictate that we decide between options based on their
values. However, humans and animals eagerly seek information about uncertain future …

According to reinforcement learning theory of decision making, reward expectation is
computed by integrating past rewards with a fixed timescale. In contrast, we found that a …