Macroautophagy and microautophagy are highly conserved eukaryotic cellular processes
that degrade cytoplasmic material in lysosomes. Both pathways involve characteristic …

The term autophagy encompasses different pathways that route cytoplasmic material to
lysosomes for degradation and includes macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy …

Lysosomal dysfunction has been increasingly linked to disease and normal ageing,.
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), a hallmark of lysosome-related diseases …

The life of eukaryotic cells requires the transport of lipids between membranes, which are
separated by the aqueous environment of the cytosol. Vesicle-mediated traffic along the …

The molecular function of Atg9, the sole transmembrane protein in the autophagosome-
forming machinery, remains unknown. Atg9 colocalizes with Atg2 at the expanding edge of …

Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles newly formed during autophagy to engulf
a wide range of intracellular material and transport this autophagic cargo to lysosomes (or …

The liver is a highly dynamic metabolic organ that plays critical roles in plasma protein
synthesis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, cholesterol metabolism and bile acid …

Summary ATG9A and ATG2A are essential core members of the autophagy machinery.
ATG9A is a lipid scramblase that allows equilibration of lipids across a membrane bilayer …

De novo formation of the double-membrane compartment autophagosome is seeded by
small vesicles carrying membrane protein autophagy-related 9 (ATG9), the function of which …

Autophagosome formation and maturation involve the two ubiquitin-like systems: The ATG8
and ATG12 systems. ATG8 (LC3s and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor–associated …