The complicated interactions between Leishmania and the host antigen-presenting cells
(APCs) have fundamental effects on the final outcome of the disease. Two major APCs …

In the recent past the standard treatment of kala‐azar involved the use of pentavalent
antimonials Sb (V). Because of progressive rise in treatment failure to Sb (V) was limited its …

The obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania must survive the antimicrobial activities of its
host cell, the macrophage, and prevent activation of an effective immune response. In order …

Diseases caused by Leishmania present a worldwide problem, and current therapeutic
approaches are unable to achieve a sterile cure. Leishmania is able to persist in host cells …

Parasites of Leishmania genus have developed elegant strategies permitting them to evade
the innate immune response upon their initial interaction with macrophages. Their capacity …

Parasitic protozoa are a major cause of global infectious disease. These eukaryotic
pathogens have evolved with the vertebrate immune system and typically produce long …

Background Leishmania and other intracellular pathogens have evolved strategies that
support invasion and persistence within host target cells. In some cases the underlying …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as a major receptor family involved in non-self
recognition. They have a vital role in triggering innate immunity and orchestrate the acquired …

Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of the leishmaniases, a collection of vector-
borne diseases that range from simple cutaneous to fatal visceral forms. Employing potent …

Leptin, a pleiotropic protein has long been recognized to play an important role in the
regulation of energy homeostasis, metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and other …