In the mid‐1970s, it was recognized that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were strong
greenhouse gases that could have substantial impacts on radiative forcing of climate …

This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic
particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere …

New calculations of the radiative forcing (RF) are presented for the three main well‐mixed
greenhouse gases, methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. Methane's RF is particularly …

libRadtran is a widely used software package for radiative transfer calculations. It allows one
to compute (polarized) radiances, irradiance, and actinic fluxes in the solar and thermal …

The control of the production of ozone-depleting substances through the Montreal Protocol
means that the stratospheric ozone layer is recovering 1 and that consequent increases in …

This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights
changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely …

We show here that stratospheric water vapor variations play an important role in the
evolution of our climate. This comes from analysis of observations showing that stratospheric …

We describe the main differences in simulations of stratospheric climate and variability by
models within the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) that have a model …

The usefulness of previous Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) exercises has
been hampered by a lack of radiative forcing information. This has made it difficult to …

We utilize energy budget diagnostics from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
phase 5 (CMIP5) to evaluate the models' climate forcing since preindustrial times employing …