The burden distribution has an important influence on the heat transfer, mass transfer,
momentum transfer and chemical reactions of blast furnaces. Since the 1970s, metallurgical …

From the backgrounds of the recent trends towards low reducing agent operation of large
blast furnaces and application of diversified charging modes for various burdens, an …

This chapter describes the ironmaking technology and outlines the process essentials. The
focus was put on the blast furnace process which is currently the dominating technology for …

In numerical simulations of the blast furnace, the discrete element method (DEM) is a quite
novel method. The accuracy of physical parameters of the method is a key issue for the …

Intensive heat and mass transfer between continuum fluids and discrete particulate
materials is quite common in many chemical processes. To understand and improve the …

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to study the
hydrogen reduction of magnetite concentrate particles in a laboratory flash reactor …

Maintaining gas permeability is an important issue to realize low coke rate operation of blast
furnace. In present study, the melting behavior of the iron ore and the layer structure in low …

Due to the significant consumption of coke in blast furnace ironmaking, a large amount of
carbon emissions is generated. Thus, addressing the issues of energy conservation and …

In this contribution, the softening process of a packed bed of pre-reduced pellets is
investigated numerically and experimentally. For this purpose, pellets were reduced to …

The softening and melting (S&M) under load test is widely used as a laboratory-scale routine
test to investigate the behaviour of ferrous burden materials in the cohesive zone (CZ) …