Abstract Al2O3-and MgO-based oxides are among the most common oxides in the
steelmaking industry. They exist as the main components of refractories, inclusions, or slags …

Magnesium aluminate (MA) is a spinel group of material and rarely available in nature. It
exhibits several advantageous thermal, thermo-mechanical, optical, chemical properties …

Computerized thermodynamic databases for solid and liquid steel, slags and solid oxide
solutions, for large numbers of components, have been developed over the last three …

Flux formulations are specified to target chemical and physico-chemical parameters.
Chemical parameters set flux element transfer behaviours and weld metal oxygen contents …

A kinetic model for the dissolution of the magnesia refractory in Al-killed steels was
developed to predict the change of chemical compositions in the molten steel. Coupled …

This study investigates the dissolution behavior of single crystal MgAl2O4 particle in CaO–
SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–CaF2–Na2O slags using single hot thermocouple technique (SHTT) …

An important cause for the mechanical entrainment of copper droplets in slags during
primary and secondary copper production is their interaction with solid spinel particles …

Cu-droplet losses in slags are an important problem in Cu-industry, limiting the metal
recovery. An important cause responsible for the entrainment of copper droplet losses in …

The dissolution behavior of MgO in CaO–SiO 2–Al 2 O 3 ternary slag at the interface of
single-crystal, dense poly-crystal, and porous poly-crystal MgO was investigated to evaluate …

The pyrometallurgical process used to recover spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) involves
high smelting temperatures. During the smelting process, the refractories dissolve into the …