Three decades after its introduction as an adjuvant therapeutic option in the management of
selective drug-resistant epilepsy cases (DRE), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) retains …

Brain diseases, including neurodegenerative, cerebrovascular and neuropsychiatric
diseases, have posed a deleterious threat to human health and brought a great burden to …

Objectives To establish standards for early, cost-effective, and accurate diagnosis; optimal
therapies for seizures; and recommendations for evaluation and management of …

Approximately 50 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy, and approximately 30% to
40% of these persons have seizures that are refractory to treatment with antiepileptic …

BACKGROUND: Neuromodulation-based treatments have become increasingly important in
epilepsy treatment. Most patients with epilepsy treated with neuromodulation do not achieve …

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is considered an epileptic encephalopathy and is defined
by a triad of multiple drug-resistant seizure types, a specific EEG pattern showing bursts of …

Patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are at very high risk for developing epilepsy,
and the majority experience seizure onset during the first year of life. Early targeted …

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an established form of neuromodulation with a long history
of promising applications. Earliest reports of VNS in the literature date to the late 1800's in …

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe epileptic and developmental encephalopathy
that is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by multiple …

Drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) is defined as the persistence of seizures despite at least two
syndrome-adapted antiseizure drugs (ASD) used at efficacious daily dose. Despite the …