Executive functions, or cognitive control, are higher-order cognitive functions needed for
adaptive goal-directed behaviours and are significantly impaired in majority of …

Previous studies have suggested age-related differences in reward-directed behavior and
cerebral processes in support of the age effects. However, it remains unclear how age may …

Studies have examined sex differences in emotion processing in health and illness.
However, it remains unclear how these neural processes may relate to individual differences …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by both impaired inhibitory control and
heightened cue reactivity, including enhanced craving and drinking urges in response to …

Background The hypothalamus plays an important role in regulating body weight through its
interactions with multiple brain circuits involved in distinct aspects of feeding behavior. Yet …

Organisms learn to gain reward and avoid punishment through action–outcome
associations. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a critical framework to understand …

Craving reflects the subjective urge to use drugs and can be triggered by both positive and
negative emotional states. No studies have systematically investigated the relative roles of …

Background Peer influences figure prominently in young adult binge drinking. Women have
trended to show a level of alcohol use on par with men during the last decades. It would be …

Introduction The striatum mediates reward processing in addiction, and previous fMRI
(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) studies have revealed abnormal striatofrontal …

Background Making a risky decision is a complex process that involves the evaluation of
both the values of the options and the associated risk level; this process is distinct from …