The present paper addresses driving mechanisms of global monsoon (GM) variability and
outstanding issues in GM science. This is the second synthesis of the PAGES GM Working …

The time that water takes to travel through the terrestrial hydrological cycle and the critical
zone is of great interest in Earth system sciences with broad implications for water quality …

The hydrogen isotope ratio of water cryogenically extracted from plant stem samples
(δ2Hstem_CVD) is routinely used to aid isotope applications that span hydrological …

Research gaps in understanding flood changes at the catchment scale caused by changes
in forest management, agricultural practices, artificial drainage, and terracing are identified …

Water stable isotopes (18O and 2H) are widely used as ideal tracers to track water through
the soil and to separate evaporation from transpiration. Due to the technical developments in …

The ratio of plant transpiration to total terrestrial evapotranspiration (T/ET) captures the role
of vegetation in surface–atmosphere interactions. However, its magnitude remains highly …

Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen have been applied to water cycle research for
over 60 years. Over the past two decades, however, new data, data compilations, and …

Rain recharges soil water storages and either percolates downward into aquifers and
streams or is returned to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration. Although it is …

Large-scale construction of artificial forests in arid oasis areas plays a role in wind
prevention and sand fixation, vegetation increase and landscape improvement. However …

Global dryland areas are expanding due to climate change, and this expansion is
accompanied by an increased frequency and intensity of drought occurrences. The degree …