Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions,
including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters …

Astrocytes serve important roles that affect recruitment and function of neurons at the local
and network levels. Here we review the contributions of astrocyte signaling to synaptic …

Lactate in the brain has long been associated with ischaemia; however, more recent
evidence shows that it can be found there under physiological conditions. In the brain …

Brain cells normally respond adaptively to bioenergetic challenges resulting from ongoing
activity in neuronal circuits, and from environmental energetic stressors such as food …

The brain's energy demands are remarkable both in their intensity and in their moment-to-
moment dynamic range. This perspective considers the evidence for Warburg-like aerobic …

Lactate has previously been considered a metabolic waste and is mainly involved in
exercise-induced fatigue. However, recent studies have found that lactate may be a …

Memory, the ability to retain learned information, is necessary for survival. Thus far,
molecular and cellular investigations of memory formation and storage have mainly focused …

Animal behavior was classically considered to be determined exclusively by neuronal
activity, whereas surrounding glial cells such as astrocytes played only supportive roles …

Glycogenolysis and lactate transport from astrocytes to neurons is required for long-term
memory formation, but the role of this lactate is poorly understood. Here we show that the …

It has been suggested that, in states of arousal, release of noradrenaline and β-adrenergic
signalling affect long-term memory formation by stimulating astrocytic lactate production from …