Inter-individual variability in drug response, be it efficacy or safety, is common and likely to
become an increasing problem globally given the growing elderly population requiring …

Opioids are mainly used to treat both acute and chronic pain. Several opioids are
metabolized to some extent by CYP2D6 (codeine, tramadol, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and …

The safe sedation of children for procedures requires a systematic approach that includes
the following: no administration of sedating medication without the safety net of …

The number of diagnostic and minor surgical procedures performed on pediatric patients
outside of the traditional operating room setting has increased in the past several decades …

Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome
P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine are governed by CYP2D6 …

Opiates are among the oldest medications available to manage a number of medical
problems. Although pain is the current focus, early use initially focused upon the treatment of …

Objectives: To address the prevention and treatment of acute and chronic pain in children,
including pain caused by needles, with recommended analgesic starting doses. Methods …

Interindividual variability in drug response is a major clinical problem. Polymedication and
genetic polymorphisms modulating drug-metabolising enzyme activities (cytochromes P450 …

Background and Objectives: Pain in hospitalized children may be underrecognized and
undertreated. The objective of this survey was to benchmark pain prevalence, intensity …

Much of the inter-individual variability in drug efficacy and risk of adverse reactions is due to
polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins involved in drug pharmacokinetics and …