Heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are long, linear polysaccharides that are
made up of alternating dissacharide sequences of sulfated uronic acid and amino sugars …

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex carbohydrates that are ubiquitously present on
the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Interactions between GAGs and pathogens …

Many microbial pathogens subvert proteoglycans for their adhesion to host tissues, invasion
of host cells, infection of neighbouring cells, dissemination into the systemic circulation, and …

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses established as
the primary etiological agent for the development of cervical cancer. Decades of research …

Chagas' disease, caused by the hemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, affects
millions of people in South and Central America. Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, the …

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been shown to bind to a wide variety of microbial
pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi in vitro. GAGs are thought to …

Leishmania spp. depend on effective macrophage infection to establish and develop in
mammalian hosts. Both metacyclic promastigotes and amastigotes are able to infect host …

Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease, affects 8 million people
predominantly living in socioeconomic underdeveloped areas. T. cruzi trypomastigotes (Ty) …

Chagas and COVID-19 are diseases caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and SARS-CoV-2,
respectively. These diseases present very different etiological agents despite showing …

Trypanosoma cruzi strains show distinctive characteristics as genetic polymorphism and
infectivity. Large repertoires of molecules, such as the Gp85 glycoproteins, members of the …