This review summarizes recent evidence concerning hormonal and sex chromosome effects
in obesity, atherosclerosis, aneurysms, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and hypertension …

Estrogens mediate profound effects throughout the body and regulate physiological and
pathological processes in both women and men. The low prevalence of many diseases in …

Estrogens play an important role in the regulation of normal physiology, aging and many
disease states. Although the nuclear estrogen receptors have classically been described to …

Sex differences between women and men are often overlooked and underappreciated when
studying the cardiovascular system. It has been long assumed that men and women are …

The two oestrogen receptor subtypes α and β are hormone-regulated modulators of
intracellular signalling and gene expression. Regulation of oestrogen receptor activity is …

Coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women have been
linked to inflammation and reduced nitric oxide (NO) formation. Natural estrogen exerts …

Abstract Estrogens, predominantly 17β-estradiol, exert diverse effects throughout the body in
both normal and pathophysiology, during development and in reproductive, metabolic …

Endogenous oestrogens are important regulators of lipid metabolism and inhibit
inflammation, vascular cell growth and plaque progression in premenopausal women. The …

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality
globally. Considerable research has been done over the last several decades to understand …

The recent discovery of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) presents new
challenges and opportunities for understanding the physiology, pathophysiology, and …