The purpose of this CPU Expert Review is to provide clinicians with guidance on the
management of Helicobacter pylori after an initial attempt at eradication therapy fails …

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the major risk factor associated with the
development of gastric cancer. The transition from normal mucosa to non-atrophic gastritis …

Statins were first identified over 40 years ago as lipid-lowering drugs and have been
remarkably effective in treating cardiovascular diseases. As research advanced, the …

Macrophages destroy bacteria and other microorganisms through phagocytosis-coupled
antimicrobial responses, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species and the delivery …

Gastric cancer is one of the top causes of cancer-related death globally. Although novel
treatment strategies have been developed, attempts to eradicate gastric cancer have been …

Background Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is lengthy and complicated and patients often
develop chronic lung disease. Recent attention has focused on host-directed therapies …

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a prevalent organism infecting almost half the global population. It
is a significant concern, given its associated risk of gastric cancer, which is the third leading …

Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a crucial role in maintaining the normal structure and
function of the digestive tract in the body. Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is an …

Membranes are mainly composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins, constituting a checkpoint
for the entry and passage of signals and other molecules. Their composition can be …

Background Pneumococcus is one of the most common human airway pathogens that
causes life-threatening infections. Ambient fine particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic …