The gut and lungs are anatomically distinct, but potential anatomic communications and
complex pathways involving their respective microbiota have reinforced the existence of a …

The intestinal tract of mammals is colonized by a large number of microorganisms including
trillions of bacteria that are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. These indigenous …

The mechanistic role of the airway microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) remains largely unexplored. We present a landscape of airway microbe–host …

The healthy lung was long thought of as sterile, but recent advances using molecular
sequencing approaches have detected bacteria at low levels. Healthy lung bacteria largely …

The respiratory tract is a complex organ system that is responsible for the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide. The human respiratory tract spans from the nostrils to the lung …

Human body surfaces, such as the skin, intestines, and respiratory and urogenital tracts, are
colonized by a large number of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, with …

Asthma is a multifactorial disorder, and microbial dysbiosis enhances lung inflammation and
asthma-related symptoms. Probiotics have shown anti-inflammatory effects and could …

The microbiota plays a fundamental role on the induction, training, and function of the host
immune system. In return, the immune system has largely evolved as a means to maintain …

The lungs are not sterile or free from bacteria; rather, they harbor a distinct microbiome
whose composition is driven by different ecological rules than for the gastrointestinal tract …

Metabolites from intestinal microbiota are key determinants of host-microbe mutualism and,
consequently, the health or disease of the intestinal tract. However, whether such host …