Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of ions and molecules, include hydroxyl radicals (·
OH), alkoxyl radicals, superoxide anion (O 2·−), singlet oxygen (1 O 2) and hydrogen …

BACKGROUND: Glutathione-dependent catalysis is a metabolic adaptation to chemical
challenges encountered by all life forms. In the course of evolution, nature optimized …

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and detoxification are tightly
balanced. Shifting this balance enables ROS to activate intracellular signaling and/or induce …

Mitochondria fulfill a number of biological functions which inherently depend on ATP and O
2−•/H 2 O 2 production. Both ATP and O 2−•/H 2 O 2 are generated by electron transfer …

During the cellular oxidation of fuels, electrons are used to power the proton pumps of the
mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and ultimately drive ATP synthesis and the …

Protein oxidative modifications, also known as protein oxidation, are a major class of protein
posttranslational modifications. They are caused by reactions between protein amino acid …

Apoptosis is a highly organized form of cell death that is important for tissue homeostasis,
organ development and senescence. To date, the extrinsic (death receptor mediated) and …

Mitochondria have a myriad of essential functions including metabolism and apoptosis.
These chief functions are reliant on electron transfer reactions and the production of ATP …

By nature of the reversibility of the addition of glutathione to low pKa cysteine residues, the
post-translational modification of S-glutathionylation sanctions a cycle that can create a …

It is now well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species
(RNS), and a basal level of oxidative stress are essential for cell survival. It is also well …